Like copper, lead has also been a familiar metal used by human beings since ancient times. Lead, a highly malleable and easy to melt metal, is widely used in various industries even today. However, due to its highly toxic nature, the use of lead has been facing pressure from environmentalists in recent years.

The pressure to end manufacture of lead-based paints is an example of the growing concern on the potential health hazards caused by lead. Plastics, aluminum, tin, and iron are replacing the use of lead in construction materials, containers, packaging, etc. Tin and other metals are being used to replace lead as a solder in some applications where lead could poison people, such as in drinking water systems.

Lead is a very corrosion-resistant, dense, ductile, and malleable blue-gray metal that has been used for at least 5,000 years. Early uses of lead included building materials, pigments for glazing ceramics, and pipes for transporting water. The castles and cathedrals of Europe contain considerable quantities of lead in decorative fixtures, roofs, pipes, and windows.

Prior to the early 1900's, uses of lead in the United States were primarily for ammunition, brass, burial vault liners, ceramic glazes, leaded glass and crystal, paints or other protective coatings, pewter, and water lines and pipes.

The advent of the electrical age and communications, which were accelerated by technological developments in World War I, resulted in the addition of bearing metals, cable covering, caulking lead, solders, and type metal to the list of lead uses. With the growth in production of public and private motorized vehicles and the associated use of starting-lighting-ignition (SLI) lead-acid storage batteries and terne metal for gas tanks after World War I, demand for lead increased.

Most of these uses for lead continued to increase with the growth in population and the national economy. Contributing to the increase in demand for lead was the use of lead as radiation shielding in medical analysis and video display equipment and as an additive in gasoline. By the mid-1980's, a significant shift in lead end-use patterns had taken place. Much of this shift was a result of the U.S. lead consumers compliance with environmental regulations that significantly reduced or eliminated the use of lead in nonbattery products, including gasoline, paints, solders, and water systems.

More recently, as the use of lead in non-battery products has continued to decline, the demand for lead in SLI-type batteries has continued to grow. In addition, the demand for lead in non-SLI battery applications also has continued to grow. Lead is processed & refined from lead scrap batteries. Non-SLI battery applications include motive sources of power for industrial forklifts, airport ground equipment, mining equipment, and a variety of nonroad utility vehicles, as well as stationary sources of power in uninterruptible electric power systems for hospitals, computer and telecommunications networks, and load-leveling equipment for electric utility companies. By the early 2000's, the total demand for lead in all types of lead-acid storage batteries represented 88% of apparent U.S. lead consumption.

Other significant uses included ammunition (3%), oxides in glass and ceramics (3%), casting metals (2%), and sheet lead (1%). The remainder was consumed in solders, bearing metals, brass and bronze billets, covering for cable, caulking lead, and extruded products. Lead is mined in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Australia, and Peru. More than 1 million tons of lead is recovered in recycling annually, the majority of which is from the recycling of batteries. Australia and China are the leading suppliers of lead in the world. China, India, Japan, US and European Union are the main consumers of lead in the world. Lead is traded mostly as soft lead, animated lead, lead alloys and copper-based lead scrap.

India imports nearly 50 percent of its lead requirement every year. Lead production in India is estimated to be around 82,000 ton, mostly from secondary sources. Lack of any major lead ore deposit is the main constraint for enhancing domestic lead production. The domestic industry is characterized by the presence of only a few players in the primary segment. The primary lead industry in India is divided between the following main players: Binani Industries Limited and Sterlite Industries (India) Ltd. (Hndustan Zinc Ltd.). Due to increasing use of lead in domestic market both players are expanding their smelting capacities for lead. Lead in the global market is traded as soft lead, animated lead, lead alloys and copper-base scrap.

Pure Lead Ingot is being produced from Raw Lead Bullion / Remelted and Secondary Lead Ingots / Lead Scraps though Pyro-metallurgical process. Refining Process, producing Pure Lead Ingots with a minimum purity level of 99.97% by weight but achieves purity level of 99.985% in most of cases.

The typical composition of Refined Lead / Pure Lead:

Production of Recycled Lead; Lead has the highest rate of recycling of all metals. Because of its corrosion resistance, lead scrap is available for recycling decades or even centuries after it is produced. New environmental regulation in many countries has greatly reduced the dissipative uses for lead such as paint, leaded gasoline, pigments, stabilizers, solder, and ammunition.

At present time, just under half of the total world lead production of 7.62 million tons comes from recycling of scrap materials. Lead has the highest rate of recycling of all metals. Because of its corrosion resistance, lead scrap is available for recycling decades or even centuries after it is produced. New environmental regulation in many countries has greatly reduced the dissipative uses for lead such as paint, leaded gasoline, pigments, stabilizers, solder, and ammunition.

At present time, just under half of the total world lead production of 4.7 million tons comes from recycling of scrap materials. There has been very little change in recent years in the total amount of lead production or in the percentage of recycled lead. Only in the past few years has the amount of recycled lead increased. The rate of lead production from scrap materials is expected to increase dramatically in the future.

The major source of scrap lead for recycling in the United States and throughout the world is lead acid batteries. Scrapped lead acid batteries and the associated manufacturing plant scrap represent over 90% of the contained lead available for recycling. Used automobile batteries represent about 85% of the lead acid battery scrap materials. Other lead recycled scrap materials are sheaths from telephone and power cable, lead pipe and sheet, weights (particularly automobile and truck wheel weights), anodes, printing metals, dross's, residues, sludge's, and dusts.

In Europe and throughout most of the rest of the world, scrapped lead acid batteries represent only about half of the lead scrap input to recycling plants. Scrap cable covering, lead sheet and pipe, and miscellaneous metal scrap items represent a much higher percentage of input scrap to recyclers in these countries than those in the United States. As the number of vehicles increases, the percentage of scrap represented by lead acid batteries will increase.